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Total Joints
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TOTAL JOINTS REFERENCES

  • Reference: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 2014;22(3):383-92
    Review Article: Perioperative care in enhanced recovery for total hip and knee arthroplasty
    Marinus DJ Stowers,1 Daniel P Lemanu,1 Brendan Coleman,2 Andrew G Hill,1 Jacob T Munro3
Laboratory
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LABORATORY REFERENCES

Preoperative testing is frequently not evidence-based. Because the recommendations are usually driven by consensus based guidelines, ePREOP can not provide specific footnotes for many testing requirements. ePREOP bases the original algorithm on Fischer's guidelines as published in the original landmark study. Some modifications have been made based on certain client institution testing patterns to ensure cases proceed without delay.

ePREOP provides the testing requirement services in a SaaS model. This allows participating institutions to tailor the recommendations. ePREOP is working with recognized institutions to allow publishing of their guidelines to facilitate adherence to any consensus based guidelines. ePREOP's goal is to contribute in establishing these guidelines while driving research in the area of Preoperative Medicine. This will allow us to provide better preoperative care while eliminating waste.

  • Agence Nationale pour le Development de l'Evaluation Medicale (ANDEM). Indication of Preoperative Tests. Paris: ANDEM, 1992.
  • Apfelbaum J, Roizen MF, Robison D, et al. How frequently do asymptomatic patients benefit from the pursuit of abnormalities in their preoperative test results [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1990; 73:A1254
  • Archer, C, Levy, AR, McGregor, M. Value of routine preoperative chest x-rays: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40:1022.
  • Bushick, JB, Eisenberg, JM, Kinman, J, et al. Pursuit of abnormal coagulation screening tests generates modest hidden preoperative costs. J Gen Intern Med 1989; 4:493.
  • Charpak Y, Blery C, Chastang C, et al. Prospective assessment of a protocol for selective ordering of preoperative chest x-rays. CanJAnaesth1988; 35:259 –264.
  • Eagle, KA, Coley, CM, Newell, JB, et al. Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgery. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:859.
  • Fischer SP. Cost-effective Preoperative Evaluation and Testing. Chest 1999;115;96S-100S
  • Fischer SP. Medical assessment of the surgical patient.. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1998
  • Fleisher, LA, Beckman, JA, Brown, KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1707.
  • Garcia-Miguel, FJ, Serrano-Aguilar, PG, Lopez-Bastida, J. Preoperative assessment. Lancet 2003; 362:1749.
  • Gold BS, Young ML, Kinman JL, et al. The utility of preoperative electrocardiograms in the ambulatory surgical patient. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:301–305
  • Goldberger, AL, O'Konski, M. Utility of the routine electrocardiogram before surgery and on general hospital admission. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105:552.
  • Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee (GPAC), Medical Services Commission, and British Columbia Medical Association. Guideline for Routine Pre-Operative Testing. Victoria BC: Ministry of Health, 2000.
  • Higgins, TL, Estafanous, FG, Loop, FD, et al. Stratification of morbidity and mortality outcome by preoperative risk factors in coronary artery bypass patients. JAMA 1992; 267:2344.
  • Kaplan EB, Sheiner LB, Boeckmann AJ, et al. The usefulness of preoperative laboratory screening. JAMA 1985; 53:3576– 3581
  • Lawrence VA, Kroenke K. The unproven utility of preoperative urinalysis: clinical use. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:1370 Turnbull JM, Buck C. The value of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:1101–1105
  • Liu, LL, Dzankic, S, Leung, JM. Preoperative electrocardiogram abnormalities do not predict postoperative cardiac complications in geriatric surgical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50:1186.
  • Macario A, Roizen MF, Thisted R, et al. Reassessment of preoperative laboratory testing has changed the test-ordering patterns of physicians. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 175:539– 547
  • Macpherson, DS, Snow, R, Lofgren, RP. Preoperative screening: value of previous tests. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:969.
  • Macpherson, DS. Preoperative laboratory testing: Should any tests be "routine" before surgery? Med Clin North Am 1993; 77:289.
  • Mathew, A, Devereaux, PJ, O'Hare, A, et al. Chronic kidney disease and postoperative mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2008; 73:1069.
  • McKee RF, Scott EM. The value of routine preoperative investigations. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1987; 69:160–162 Tape TG, Mushlin AI. The utility of routine chest radio- graphs. AnnInternMed1986; 104:663– 670.
  • Meyer P, Roizen MF, Murray W, et al. Who needs an ECG or a blood glucose test preoperatively: use of technology to improve selection [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:A441 Meyer P, Thisted R, Roizen MF, et al. Improving preoperative laboratory test selection [abstract]. Anesth Analg 1991; 72:S183
  • Narr BJ, Hansen TR, Warner MA. Preoperative laboratory screening in healthy Mayo patients: cost-effective elimination of tests and unchanged outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66:155–159
  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) Guidance on the use of preoperative tests for elective surgery. NICE Clinical Guideline No 3. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2003.
  • Pasternak LR. Preanesthesia evaluation of the surgical patient: ASA refresher courses in anesthesiology. 1996; 24:205–219
  • Peterson, P, Hayes, TE, Arkin, CF, et al. The preoperative bleeding time test lacks clinical benefit. Arch Surg 1998; 133:134.
  • PG Barash, BF Cullen, RK Stoelting, M Cahalan. Clinical Anesthesia. 6th Ed. 2009.
  • Powell-Jackson, P, Greenway, B, Williams, R. Adverse effects of exploratory laparotomy in patients with unsuspected liver disease. Br J Surg 1982; 69:449.
  • Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation. Anesthesiology 2002; 96:485.
  • Rabkin SW, Horne JM. Preoperative electrocardiography: effect of new abnormalities on clinical decisions. Can Med AssocJ.1983; 128:146 –147
  • Roberta L. Hines, Katherine E. Marschall. Stoelting's Anesthesia and Coexisting Disease.2008
  • Rodgers, RP, Levin, J. A critical reappraisal of the bleeding time. Semin Thromb Hemost 1990; 16:1.
  • Rohrer MJ, Michelotti MC, Nahrwold DL. A prospective evaluation of the efficacy of preoperative coagulation testing. AnnSurg1988; 208:554 –557
  • Roizen MF, Cohn S. Preoperative evaluation for elective surgery—what laboratory tests are needed? In: Stoelting RK, ed. Advances in anesthesia (vol 10). St. Louis, MO: Mosby- YearBook, 1993; 25– 47
  • Roizen MF, Kaplan EB, Schreider BD, et al. The relative roles of the history and physical examination, and laboratory testing in preoperative evaluation for outpatient surgery: the ‘Starling’ curve of preoperative laboratory testing. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 1987; 5:15–34
  • Roizen MF, Kaplan EB, Sheiner LB, et al. Elimination of unnecessary laboratory tests by preoperative questionnaire [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1984; 61:A455
  • Ronald D. Miller, Lars I. Eriksson, Lee A. Fleisher, Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish, and William L. Young. Miller’s Anesthesia. 7th Ed. 2009
  • Rucker, L, Frye, EB, Staten, MA. Usefulness of screening chest roentgenograms in preoperative patients. JAMA 1983; 250:3209.
  • Rupani G, Roizen MF, Glosten B, et al. Can a system change improve operating room efficiency [abstract]? Anesthesiology 1989; 71:A930
  • Sie, P, Steib, A. Central laboratory and point of care assessment of perioperative hemostasis. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53:S12.
  • Suchman, AL, Mushlin, AI. How well does the activated partial thromboplastin time predict postoperative hemorrhage? JAMA 1986; 256:750.
  • The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU). Preoperative routines. Stockholm: SBU, 1989.
  • Velanovich, V. The value of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals. A multivariate analysis. Surgery 1991; 109:236.
  • Wu, WC, Schifftner, TL, Henderson, WG, et al. Preoperative hematocrit levels and postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA 2007; 297:2481.
Consults
PCD -  

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18156878
Anesthesiology. 2008 Jan;108(1):18-30.
Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery.
Monk TG1, Weldon BC, Garvan CW, Dede DE, van der Aa MT, Heilman KM, Gravenstein JS

Cardiac
c -  

CARDIAC REFERENCES

When definitive cardiac consults are given, ePREOP has obtained this from the ACC/AHA guidelines. There are many other recommendations generated that are not as definitive and ePREOP provides a large list of resources that were considered in generating these recommendations. It is important to consider a consult is frequently dictated by the acute vs chronic nature of disease as well as a combination of past medical history and patient exercise tolerance.

  • ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;32:1486–588
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  • Apfelbaum J, Roizen MF, Robison D, et al. How frequently do asymptomatic patients benefit from the pursuit of abnormalities in their preoperative test results [abstract]. Anesthesiology1990; 73:A1254
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  • Charlson ME, MacKenzie CR, Gold JP, Ales KL, Topkins M, ShiresGT. Preoperative characteristics predicting intraoperative hypotension and hypertension among hypertensives and diabetics undergoing noncardiac surgery. Ann Surg. 1990;212:66–81.
  • Charpak Y, Blery C, Chastang C, et al. Prospective assessment of a protocol for selective ordering of preoperative chestx-rays. Can J Anaesth 1988; 35:259–264
  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–72.
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  • Detrano R, Gianrossi R, Mulvihill D, et al. Exercise-induced ST segment depression in the diagnosis of multivessel coronary disease: ameta analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:1501– 8.
  • Detsky AS, Abrams HB, Forbath N, Scott JG, Hilliard JR. Cardiac assessment for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a multifactorial clinical risk index. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:2131– 4.
  • Douketis JD, Johnson JA, Turpie AG. Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulation during interruption of warfarin: assessment of a standardized periprocedural anticoagulation regimen. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1319–26.
  • Fischer SP. Development and effectiveness of an anesthesia preoperative evaluation clinic in a teaching hospital [special article]. Anesthesiology 1996; 85:196–206
  • Fischer SP. Medical assessment of the surgical patient. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1998
  • Fleisher, LA, Beckman, JA, Brown, KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1707.
  • Gersh BJ, Rihal CS, Rooke TW, Ballard DJ. Evaluation and management of patients with both peripheral vascular and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:203–
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  • Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:260 -311.
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  • Gold BS, Young ML, Kinman JL, et al. The utility of preoperative electrocardiograms in the ambulatory surgical patient. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:301–305
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  • Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians.Circulation. 2007;115:813–8.
  • Hertzer NR. Basic data concerning associated coronary disease in peripheral vascular patients. Ann Vasc Surg. 1987;1:616–20.
  • Jaffer AK, Ahmed M, Brotman DJ, et al. Low-molecular-weight-heparins as periprocedural anticoagulation for patients on long-term warfarin therapy: a standardized bridging therapy protocol. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2005;20:11–6.
  • Jaffer AK, Brotman DJ, Chukwumerije N. When patients on warfarin need surgery. Cleve Clin J Med. 2003;70:973–84.
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  • Kaplan EB, Sheiner LB, Boeckmann AJ, et al. The usefulness of preoperative laboratory screening. JAMA 1985; 53:3576–3581
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  • Macario A, Roizen MF, Thisted R, et al. Reassessment of preoperative laboratory testing has changed the test-ordering patterns of physicians. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 175:539-547
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  • Macpherson DS, Snow R, Lofgren RP. Preoperative screening:value of previous tests. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:969–973
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  • McKee RF, Scott EM. The value of routine preoperative investigations. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1987; 69:160–162
  • Meyer P, Roizen MF, Murray W, et al. Who needs an ECG or a blood glucose test preoperatively: use of technology to improve selection [abstract]. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:A441
  • Meyer P, Thisted R, Roizen MF, et al. Improving preoperative laboratory test selection [abstract]. Anesth Analg 1991;72:S183
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  • Narr BJ, Hansen TR, Warner MA. Preoperative laboratory screening in healthy Mayo patients: cost-effective elimination of tests and unchanged outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc 1991;66:155–159
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  • Pasternak LR. Preanesthesia evaluation of the surgical patient: ASA refresher courses in anesthesiology. 1996; 24:205–219
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  • Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac rhythm management devices: pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:186–98
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  • Rohrer MJ, Michelotti MC, Nahrwold DL. A prospective evaluation of the efficacy of preoperative coagulation testing.Ann Surg 1988; 208:554–557
  • Roizen MF, Cohn S. Preoperative evaluation for elective surgery—what laboratory tests are needed? In: Stoelting RK,ed. Advances in anesthesia (vol 10). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book, 1993; 25–47
  • Roizen MF, Kaplan EB, Schreider BD, et al. The relative roles of the history and physical examination, and laboratory testing in preoperative evaluation for outpatient surgery: the‘Starling’ curve of preoperative laboratory testing. AnesthesiolClin North Am 1987; 5:15–34
  • Roizen MF, Kaplan EB, Sheiner LB, et al. Elimination of unnecessary laboratory tests by preoperative questionnaire[abstract]. Anesthesiology 1984; 61:A455
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  • Turnbull JM, Buck C. The value of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals. Arch InternMed 1987; 147:1101–1105
  • Twersky RS, Frank D, Lebovits A. Timing of preoperative evaluation for surgical outpatients— does it matter? Part II. Anesthesiology 1990; 73:A1
  • Weiner DA, Ryan TJ, McCabe CH, et al. Prognostic importance of a clinical profile and exercise test in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3:772–9.
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  • Savonitto S. D'Urbano M. Urgent surgery in patients with a recently implanted coronary drug-eluting stent: a phase II study of ‘bridging’ antiplatelet therapy with tirofiban during temporary withdrawal of clopidogrel. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010 104(3):285-291.
  • Landesberg G, Beattie WS, Perioperative Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2009;119:2936-2944.
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  • Clinical Anesthesiology. Simple Frailty Assessment for Fragile Aortic Valve Surgery Patients Predicts Morbidity, Mortality and Hospital LOS. Anesthesiology News, March 2017. ASA 2015 Annual Meeting Abstract A2105.

 

 

Medications
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For minor procedures or surgery under local anesthesia (eg, inguinal hernia repair) take usual morning steroid dose. No extra supplementation is necessary.
For moderate surgical stress (eg, lower extremity revascularization, total joint replacement) take usual morning steroid dose. Give 50 mg hydrocortisone intravenously just before the procedure and 25 mg of hydrocortisone every 8 hours for 24 hours. Resume usual dose thereafter.
For major surgical stress (eg, esophagogastrectomy, total proctocolectomy) take usual am steroid dose. Give 100mg of intravenous hydrocortisone before induction of anesthesia, and 50mg every 8 hours for 24 hours. Taper dose by half per day to maintenance level.
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